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This is How We are at Home: Typology and Shifting Parenting Authority in Early Childhood
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Abstract
Purpose – Parenting Islamism not only makes religion a teaching material in children’s education, but more than that, religion is used as an ideology that displays Islamic symbols in parenting actions in the public sphere. The emergence of Islamism parenting practices is a response to traditional parenting practices and modern parenting practices. This study aims to explore the practice of parenting in millennial families based on the ideology of Islamism in Pontianak City.
Design/methods/approach – This research method uses the Mixed Methods Research approach, which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method in this study provides an understanding of the shifting in parenting authority carried out by millennial parents with the ideology of Islamism. Meanwhile, the quantitative is carried out to measure the variables of parenting typology objectively. Data analysis in this study was carried out; first, the data was reduced; second, data categorization; third, data preparation; fourth, data verification; fifth, the configuration of the relationship between the inference of the problem formulation; sixth, the data is analyzed with theory.
Findings – The findings of this study show that millennial parents of Islamism groups use mixed parenting, which is a combination of several parenting models according to the condition of the child, be it authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. The findings of this study also show that there is a shift in parenting authority in Islamism millennial families, which is influenced by new media so that parents idolize popular ustadz from Islamism groups.
Research implications/limitations – The shift in authority in parenting has implications for parental figures or references in parenting due to the presence of new authorities on social media, namely public figures or micro-celebrities. This research is not final, and there are still many limitations in relevant cases, informants, and theories, so further research is needed to accommodate other new findings in parenting studies in millennial families of Islamism groups with a larger number of informants in Indonesia.
Practical implications – This study shows that parenting practices carried out by parents are inseparable from religious ideology, which has an impact on parenting in early childhood. This study emphasizes that parenting practices in Muslim parents are not uniform, even in religiously homogeneous families.
Originality/value – This study provides a new perspective in parenting studies because it examines from the perspective of parents’ religious ideology.
Paper type Research paper
Keywords:
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1. Introduction
In the social structure, the family is the most fundamental social institution that shapes a child’s moral foundation and personality. Parenting is an inherent aspect of the growth and development of a child’s life(He et al., 2023)(Tripon, 2024)(Zhang et al., 2024). In parenting actions, parents are obliged to develop positive parenting behaviors for children. Parents are individuals who are responsible for nurturing, protecting, and guiding children from early to adulthood. Parents make long-term investments and commitments in all periods of growth and development in a child’s life. The responsibilities and attention that parents must give are compassion, biological needs, health, discipline, intellectual and moral, preparation to be responsible as an adult, and accountability for children’s actions to society(Black et al., 2023)(Brooks, 2011)(Bunge, 2024)(Hoang et al., 2024).
The role of the family in the aspects of development, health, welfare, and character of the child is highly dependent on the ability of the family supported by the system formed in society to encourage emotional and physical development in a more positive direction(Abubakar et al., 2023)(Boiliu & Triposa, 2024)(Bornstein, 2024). So the positive or negative development of a child is determined by the quality of the relationship built in the family institution or parenting practices carried out by parents to children. In addition, parenting is the role of parents in caring for, supporting emotions, and socializing the skills and values that every child must have in order to carry out their functions as members of society(Segrin & Flora, 2018). In this context, parenting emphasizes the strategic role of parents as the most influential figure in shaping and developing children’s social skills and individual characters, which has implications for children’s ability to develop self-regulation of emotions, thinking, and behavior skills, as well as the ability to adapt to the values and culture that develop in society(Grusec, 2002).
However, many parenting studies are still based on psychological and educational theory. From the perspective of psychology and education, academics conclude that parenting is a positive action or activity of parents that aims for the growth and development of their children(Aziz et al., 2024)(Bailey et al., 2024)(Doepke & Zilibotti, 2024)(Lansford, 2024). In addition, parenting is a series of activities carried out by parents in realizing their roles and responsibilities as parents. These roles and responsibilities include optimal physical, motor, moral-spiritual, social-emotional, cognitive, language, and other developmental aspects(Essa & Burnham, 2019).
Modern developments and globalization have brought changes in all aspects of life, including parenting practices(Alabi & Olonade, 2022)(Lansford, 2022)(Uyan et al., 2024). Modernity and globalization provide the widest access to the entry of new cultures, both Eastern and Western cultures. The influence that arises due to modernization and globalization is more on the influence of Western culture, which is indeed an agent of the progress of modernity. Modernization and globalization, both economic, informational, and cultural, are very significant in changing people’s lifestyles and cultures, especially in urban communities(Adebara, 2024)(Amir Piliang, 2011). This change then manifests into parenting actions. Thus, parenting studies should not only focus on educational and developmental aspects but also on other theoretical aspects, such as anthropology, sociology, economics, and politics. As far as the author’s search for parenting studies is concerned, it discusses three things. First, parenting from a cultural perspective(Al‐Hassan, 2024)(Barcala-Delgado et al., 2024)(Herlambang et al., 2023)(Kealy & Devaney, 2024)(Oburu, 2024). Second, the parenting style that parents do for their children(Relva et al., 2024)(Sarac, 2024)(Yan et al., 2024). Third, changes in parenting practices in the family(César-Santos et al., 2024)(Grüning Parache et al., 2024)(Hadfield et al., 2018)(Hamzah et al., 2023)(Ruckdeschel, 2024).
There are still few studies on parenting that discuss the influence of politics and religious movements on parenting practices carried out by parents on children. This trend is carried out by millennial Muslim families, the emergence of a new phenomenon in the context of parenting actions based on Islamism. Parenting Islamism not only makes religion a teaching material in children’s education, but more than that, religion is used as an ideology that displays Islamic symbols in parenting actions in the public sphere. The emergence of Islamism parenting practices is a response to traditional parenting practices and modern parenting practices. Traditional parenting practices that use ethnic culture as a reference (even if the culture is filled with religious rituals) are seen by Islamism groups as parenting practices that are inappropriate and even deviate from the values of Islamic teachings, never practiced by the Prophet Muhammad and the early generation of Islam (salaf al-shalih), and even tend to shirk (syirk) and heresy (bid’ah)(Hasan, 2017)(Jakfar et al., 2023)(Mustakim et al., 2022)(Rijal, 2024). While modern parenting practices are considered secular and liberal parenting practices that adopt Western cultures and have a negative impact on children’s religious and moral development. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to explore the practice of parenting in millennial families based on the ideology of Islamism.
2. Methods
This research method uses the Mixed Methods Research approach, which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods(Hall, 2020). This approach is carried out by the author to obtain a comprehensive understanding
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